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Bruce Dern

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Bruce Dern
Dern in 2015
Born
Bruce MacLeish Dern

(1936-06-04) June 4, 1936 (age 88)
EducationNew Trier High School[1]
Alma materUniversity of Pennsylvania
The Actors Studio
OccupationActor
Years active1960–present
Spouses
Marie Dawn Pierce
(m. 1957; div. 1959)
(m. 1960; div. 1969)
Andrea Beckett
(m. 1969)
Children2, including Laura Dern
RelativesGeorge Dern (grandfather)
Andrew MacLeish (great-grandfather)
Archibald MacLeish (granduncle)

Bruce MacLeish Dern (born June 4, 1936) is an American actor. He has received several accolades, including the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor[2] and the Silver Bear for Best Actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Coming Home (1978) and the Academy Award for Best Actor for Nebraska (2013).[3] He is also a BAFTA Award, two-time Genie Award, and three-time Golden Globe Award nominee.

A member of the Actors Studio, he rose to prominence during the New Hollywood era through roles in films such as The Trip (1967), They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969), The Incredible 2-Headed Transplant (1971), and The Cowboys (1972). Other notable films include The Laughing Policeman (1973), The Great Gatsby (1974), Posse (1975), Family Plot (1976), Black Sunday (1977), The Driver (1978), Tattoo (1981), That Championship Season (1982), The 'Burbs (1989), Last Man Standing (1996), Monster (2003), Down in the Valley (2005), Chappaquiddick (2017), and Emperor (2020). He played Frank Harlow in the HBO series Big Love (2006–2011).

He is the father of actress Laura Dern.

Early life

[edit]

Dern was born June 4, 1936, in Chicago, the son of Jean (née MacLeish; 1908–1972) and John Dern (1903–1958), a utility chief and attorney.[4][5][6][7] He grew up in Kenilworth, Illinois.[8] His paternal grandfather, George Dern, was a Utah governor and Secretary of War (he was serving in the latter position during the time of Bruce's birth). Dern's maternal grandfather was a Vice President of the Carson, Pirie and Scott stores,[9][1] which were established by his own father, Scottish-born businessman Andrew MacLeish. Dern's maternal granduncle was poet Archibald MacLeish. His godfather was governor and two-time presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson II.[10] Dern attended New Trier High School and the University of Pennsylvania. A lifelong avid runner, he was a track star in high school and sought to qualify for the Olympic Trials in 1956.[1]

Career

[edit]
Dern at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival

Dern studied at the Actors Studio, alongside Elia Kazan and Lee Strasberg. He starred with Lyle Kessler in the Philadelphia premiere of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, and starred with Paul Newman and Geraldine Page in the original Broadway run of Tennessee Williams' Sweet Bird of Youth.

In the 1960s, Dern played the sailor in a few flashbacks in Marnie and a murdered lover in Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte. He played a murderous rustler in Hang 'Em High, a gunfighter in Support Your Local Sheriff!, and an impoverished farmer in the film adaptation of Horace McCoy's novel They Shoot Horses, Don't They?.

In Mark Rydell's western film The Cowboys, he played a cattle thief who kills a rancher (John Wayne). Dern had a leading role in the ecological science-fiction film Silent Running and co-starred with Jack Nicholson in The King of Marvin Gardens. Dern played Tom Buchanan in the film adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby (1974). In Kirk Douglas' Revisionist Western film Posse, Dern played a train-robber who uses his wiles to turn the tables on his captor, an ambitious, politically minded marshal. Dern starred in the beauty pageant satire film Smile, and in Alfred Hitchcock's final film Family Plot. He played a detective on the trail of a getaway driver (Ryan O'Neal) in the neo-noir film The Driver. In John Frankenheimer's thriller film Black Sunday, Dern played a vengeful Vietnam War veteran and Goodyear Blimp pilot who launches a massive terrorist attack at the Super Bowl. Dern played another Vietnam veteran and the disturbed husband of a perplexed woman (Jane Fonda) in Hal Ashby's war film Coming Home, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

In Bob Brooks' erotic thriller film Tattoo, Dern played an increasingly-deranged tattoo artist who imprisons a fashion model (Maud Adams). The film was dogged by controversy throughout its post-production and pre-release phase - the film's release was delayed by nearly a year - and for his lead performance, Dern was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor. However, he bounced back by winning the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival for his performance in Jason Miller's That Championship Season (1982).[11]

Over the next few decades, Dern played a Vietnam veteran and neighborhood survivalist in Joe Dante's suburban satire The 'Burbs, a local crime boss in Michael Ritchie's Diggstown, a rival of Wild Bill Hickok in Walter Hill's Wild Bill, and George Spahn in Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. Dern's autobiography, Things I've Said, But Probably Shouldn't Have: An Unrepentant Memoir, was published in 2007.

In Alexander Payne's film Nebraska, Dern played a resident believing he has won a million dollars, and undertakes a road trip from Billings, Montana to Lincoln, Nebraska to get the prize. He won the Best Actor Award at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.[12][13]

Directors and craft

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In the course of his long and prolific career, Dern collaborated with film directors, including Walter Hill (The Driver, Wild Bill and Last Man Standing), Joe Dante (The 'Burbs, Small Soldiers and The Hole), and Quentin Tarantino (Django Unchained, The Hateful Eight and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood). In an interview for The A.V. Club, Dern said: "I always say that I feel like I've worked for six geniuses in my career... And the six directors, not in any order, would be Mr. Kazan, Mr. Hitchcock, Douglas Trumbull, Alexander Payne, Quentin Tarantino, and Francis Coppola."[14] In an interview with Josh Olson and Joe Dante for the podcast series The Movies That Made Me, and while discussing his career, Dern cited the films of David Lean (specifically, Lawrence of Arabia, Great Expectations and The Bridge on the River Kwai), as among the films that inspired him.[15] When asked if he has ever contemplated retirement, Dern said: "If you think I'm gonna retire so Jimmy fucking Caan can get another part from me, you're dead wrong. Because I'm gonna go till I'm 100. My goal is to do stuff with older characters that people never got the chance to do, because they never lived long enough... And because I don't have anything else I can do."[16][unreliable source]

Personal life

[edit]

Dern was married to Marie Dawn Pierce from 1957 to 1959.[17] He married Diane Ladd in 1960. Their first daughter, Diane Elizabeth Dern (born November 29, 1960), died from head injuries after falling into a swimming pool on May 18, 1962.[18] The couple's second daughter is actress Laura Dern (born February 10, 1967). After his divorce from Ladd, Dern married Andrea Beckett on October 20, 1969, in Carson City, Nevada.[19]

Filmography

[edit]
Key
Denotes works that have not yet been released

Film

[edit]
Year Title Role Notes
1960 Wild River Jack Roper Uncredited
1962 The Crimebusters Joe Krajac
1964 Marnie Sailor
Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte John Mayhew
1966 The Wild Angels Joe "Loser" Kearns
1967 The War Wagon Hammond
The St. Valentine's Day Massacre John May
The Trip John
Waterhole No. 3 Deputy Sam Tippen
Will Penny Rafe Quint
1968 Psych-Out Steve Davis
Hang 'Em High Miller
1969 Support Your Local Sheriff! Joe Danby
Castle Keep Lt. Billy Byron Bix
Number One Richie Fowler
The Cycle Savages Keeg
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? James Bates
1970 Bloody Mama Kevin Dirkman
The Rebel Rousers J.J. Weston
1971 The Incredible 2-Headed Transplant Dr. Roger Girard
Drive, He Said Coach Bullion
1972 The Cowboys Asa Watts (Long Hair)
Silent Running Freeman Lowell
Thumb Tripping Smitty
The King of Marvin Gardens Jason Staebler
1973 Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Deputy Uncredited
The Laughing Policeman Leo Larsen
1974 The Great Gatsby Tom Buchanan
1975 Posse Jack Strawhorn
Smile Big Bob Freelander
1976 Family Plot George Lumley
Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood Grayson Potchuck
The Twist William Brandels
1977 Black Sunday Michael Lander
1978 Coming Home Captain Bob Hyde
The Driver The Detective
1980 Middle Age Crazy Bobby Lee Burnett
1981 Tattoo Karl Kinsky
1982 That Championship Season George Sitkowski
Harry Tracy, Desperado Harry Tracy
1986 On the Edge Wes Holman
1987 The Big Town Mr. Edwards
World Gone Wild Ethan
1988 1969 Cliff Denny
1989 The 'Burbs Mark Rumsfield
1990 After Dark, My Sweet Garrett "Uncle Bud" Stoker
1992 Diggstown John Gillon
1995 Wild Bill Will Plummer
1996 Down Periscope Admiral Yancy Graham
Mulholland Falls The Chief Uncredited
Last Man Standing Sheriff Ed Galt
1998 Small Soldiers Link Static (Voice)
1999 The Haunting Mr. Dudley
If... Dog... Rabbit... McGurdy
2000 All the Pretty Horses The Judge
2001 The Glass House Alvin Begleiter
2003 Masked and Anonymous Editor
Milwaukee, Minnesota Sean McNally
Monster Thomas
2005 Madison Harry Volpi
Down in the Valley Charlie
2006 Believe in Me Ellis Brawley
Walker Payne Chester
The Astronaut Farmer Hal
The Hard Easy Gene
2007 The Cake Eaters Easy Kimbrough
2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Hippy Narrator Uncredited
2008 Swamp Devil Howard Blame
The Golden Boys Captain Perez Ryder
2009 American Cowslip Cliff
The Hole 3D Creepy Carl
The Lightkeepers Bennie
2010 Trim Dale Banks
2011 Choose Dr. Ronald Pendleton
Inside Out Vic Small
Twixt Bobby LaGrange
2012 From Up on Poppy Hill Yoshio Onodera (voice) English dub
Hitting the Cycle James
Django Unchained Curtis Carrucan
2013 Coffin Baby Vance Henrickson
Northern Borders Austin Kittredge Sr.
Nebraska Woody Grant
Fighting for Freedom Christian Dobbe
2014 Cut Bank Georgie Wits
2015 The Hateful Eight General Sanford Smithers
2017 American Violence Richard Morton
Class Rank Oswald Flannigan
The Lears Davenport Lear
Hickok Doc Rivers O'Roark
Our Souls at Night Dorlan Becker
Chappaquiddick Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
2018 Nostalgia Ronnie Ashemore
White Boy Rick Ray Wershe
Freaks Alan/Mr. Snowcone
Warning Shot Calvin
American Dresser King
Lez Bomb Grandpa
2019 The Mustang Myles
The Peanut Butter Falcon Carl
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood George Spahn
Remember Me Claude
Swing Low Mallinckroft
Inherit the Viper Clay Carter
QT8: The First Eight Himself Documentary[20]
The Artist's Wife[21] Richard Smythson
Badland[22] Reginald Cooke
2020 Emperor Levi Coffin
Death in Texas Reynolds
2021 Last Call Coach Finnegan
Buck Alamo Death
Overrun Arkadi Dubkova
The Gateway Marcus
Hands That Bind Hank
Christmas vs. the Walters Cliff Walters
Last Shoot Out Blair Callahan
2022 The Hater Frank
Hellblazers Bill Unger
Mid-Century Emil Larson
The Most Dangerous Game Whitney Tyler
2023 The Weapon Doris
Butch Cassidy and the Wild Bunch Mike Cassidy
Accidental Texan Scheermeyer
Butch vs. Sundance Mike Cassidy
Hunting Games Henry
Old Dads Richie Jacobs
2024 Bloodline Killer Dr. Lucien
Reminisce Papa Joe Post-production
The Devil's Trap TBA
Feathered Rock

Television

[edit]
Year Title Role Notes
1960 Route 66 Albert Season 1 Episode 4: "The Man on the Monkey Board"
1961 Naked City Nicky Season 2 Episode 10: "Bullets Cost Too Much"
Hollis Season 2 Episode 20: "The Fault in Our Stars" (uncredited)
Sea Hunt FBI Agent John Furillo Season 4 Episode 37: "Crime at Sea"
Surfside 6 Johnny Page Season 2 Episode 4: "Daphne, Girl Detective"
Thriller Johnny Norton Season 2 Episode 13: "The Remarkable Mrs. Hawk"
Ben Casey Billy Harris Season 1 Episode 12: "A Dark Night for Billy Harris"
The Detectives Jud Treadwell Season 3 Episode 12: "Act of God"
Cain's Hundred Joe Krajac Season 1 Episode 1: "Crime and Commitment: Part 1"
1962 Cain's Hundred Eddie Light Season 1 Episode 29: "The Left Side of Canada"
1962 The Dick Powell Show Deering Season 1 Episode 19: "Squadron"
1962–1963 Stoney Burke E.J. Stocker 17 episodes
1963 The Dick Powell Show Hank Fairbrother Season 2 Episode 29: "The Old Man and the City"
Kraft Suspense Theatre Maynard Season 1 Episode 9: "The Hunt"
The Outer Limits Ben Garth Season 1 Episode 14: "The Zanti Misfits"
Wagon Train Seth Bancroft Season 7 Episode 9: "The Eli Bancroft Story"
The Fugitive Deputy Martin Season 1 Episode 3: "The Other Side of the Mountain"
1964 The Virginian Pell Season 2 Episode 20: "First to Thine Own Self"
Lee Darrow Season 3 Episode 14: "The Payment"
Wagon Train Jud Fisher Season 8 Episode 8: "Those Who Stay Behind"
The Fugitive Charley Season 1 Episode 17: "Come Watch Me Die"
77 Sunset Strip Ralph Wheeler Season 6 Episode 15: "Lovers' Lane"
The Greatest Show on Earth Vernon Season 1 Episode 22: "The Last of the Strongmen"
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour Roy Bullock Season 2 Episode 15: "Night Caller"
Jesse Season 3 Episode 6: "Lonely Place"
12 O'Clock High Lieutenant Michaels Season 1 Episode 1: "Golden Boy Had Nine Black Sheep"
1965 Lieutenant Danton Season 1 Episode 18: "The Lorelei"
Lieutenant Michaels Season 1 Episode 27: "The Mission"
Technical Sergeant Frank Jones Season 2 Episode 13: "The Jones Boys"
The Virginian Bert Kramer Season 4 Episode 3: "A Little Learning"
Wagon Train Wilkins Season 8 Episode 24: "The Indian Girl Story"
The Fugitive Cody Season 2 Episode 21: "Corner of Hell"
Hank Season 3 Episode 13: "The Good Guys and the Bad Guys"
Rawhide Ed Rankin Season 8 Episode 4: "Walk into Terror"
Laredo Joe Durkee Season 1 Episode 4: "Rendezvous at Arillo"
A Man Called Shenandoah Bobby Ballantine Season 1 Episode 7: "The Verdict"
The F.B.I. Private First Class Byron Landy Season 1 Episode 14: "Pound of Flesh"
Gunsmoke Doyle Phleger Season 11 Episode 4: "Ten Little Indians"
Judd Print Season 11 Episode 11: "South Wind"
1966 Lou Stone Season 12 Episode 3: "The Jailer"
The Fugitive Hutch Season 4 Episode 12: "The Devil's Disciples"
Branded Les Season 2 Episode 17: "The Wolfers"
The Loner Lud Grant Season 1 Episode 26: "To Hang a Dead Man"
Disneyland Turk Season 13 Episode 8: "Gallegher Goes West: Crusading Reporter"
Run for Your Life Alex Ryder Season 2 Episode 9: "The Treasure Seekers"
The Big Valley Jack Follet Season 1 Episode 20: "Under a Dark Star"
Harry Dixon Season 1 Episode 26: "By Force and Violence"
Clovis Season 2 Episode 1: "The Lost Treasure"
1967 Gabe Skeels Season 3 Episode 12: "Four Days to Furnace Hill"
Run for Your Life Alex Ryder Season 3 Episode 5: "Trip to the Far Side"
Season 3 Episode 7: "At the End of the Rainbow There's Another Rainbow"
1968 Lancer Lucas Thatcher Season 1 Episode 6: "Julie"
The Big Valley John Weaver Season 4 Episode 11: "The Prize"
The F.B.I. Virgil Roy Phipps Season 4 Episode 7: "The Nightmare"
Bonanza Cully Maco Season 9 Episode 15: "The Trackers"
1969 Lancer Tom Nevill Season 2 Episode 9: "A Person Unknown"
Gunsmoke Guerin Season 14 Episode 21: "The Long Night"
Then Came Bronson Bucky O'Neill Season 1 Episode 6: "Amid Splinters of the Thunderbolt"
1970 Bonanza Bayliss Season 11 Episode 23: "The Gold Mine"
Land of the Giants Thorg Season 2 Episode 24: "Wild Journey"
The High Chaparral Wade Season 4 Episode 3: "Only the Bad Come to Sonora"
The Immortal Luther Seacombe Season 1 Episode 13: "To the Gods Alone"
1985 Space Stanley Mott 5 episodes: "Part I", "Part II", "Part III", "Part IV", "Part V"
Toughlove Rob Charters Television film
1987 Roses Are for the Rich Douglas Osborne
Uncle Tom's Cabin Augustine St. Claire
1989 Trenchcoat in Paradise John Hollander
1990 The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson Scout Ed Higgins
1991 Into the Badlands T.L. Barston
Carolina Skeletons Junior Stoker
1993 It's Nothing Personal Billy Archer
1994 Dead Man's Revenge Payton McCay
Amelia Earhart: The Final Flight George Putnam
1995 A Mother's Prayer John Walker
Mrs. Munck Patrick Leary
1999 Hard Time: The Premonition Winston
2003 King of the Hill Randy Strickland (voice) Season 7 Episode 11: "Boxing Luanne"
Hard Ground Nate Hutchinson Television film
2006–2011 Big Love Frank Harlow 29 episodes
2007 CSI: NY Vet Season 4 Episode 6: "Boo"
2013 Pete's Christmas Grandpa Television film
2016 The Cowboy Himself Television series documentary, 2 episodes
2019 Black Monday Rod "The Jammer" Jaminski Season 1 Episode 5: "243"
Season 1 Episode 10: "0"
Mr. Mercedes John Rothstein 8 episodes
2021 Goliath Frank Zax 8 episodes
2024 Palm Royale Skeet Miniseries
Season 1 Episode 4: "Maxine Rolls the Dice"
Season 1 Episode 5: "Maxine Shakes the Tree"
Season 1 Episode 6: "Maxine Takes a Step"

Video games

[edit]
Year Title Role
2020 Shadow Stalkers The Director
2020 MegaRace: DeathMatch Rabies

Awards and nominations

[edit]
Year Title Award
1972 Drive, He Said National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor
1973 The Cowboys Bronze Wrangler for Best Theatrical Motion Picture
1975 The Great Gatsby Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
1979 Coming Home Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
1983 That Championship Season Silver Bear for Best Actor
2009 Swamp Devil Philadelphia Film Festival Jury Prize
2014 Nebraska AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Award for Best Actor
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast
Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Award
Dublin Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
National Board of Review Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Academy Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Ensemble Cast
Nominated – American Comedy Award for Comedy Actor – Film
Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast
Nominated – Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble
Nominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Gold Derby Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Nominated – Guardian Film Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead
Nominated – London Film Critics Circle Award for Actor of the Year
Nominated – San Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
Nominated – St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture
2019 Freaks Best Actor at Horrorant International Film Festival[23]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Borrelli, Christopher (November 11, 2013). "Bruce Dern's long run to 'Nebraska'". Chicago Tribune.
  2. ^ "Awards - Best Actor Award". Festival De Cannes. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021.
  3. ^ "Actor Bruce Dern | Interviews | Tavis Smiley". PBS. January 15, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  4. ^ Dern, Bruce; Fryer, Christopher; Crane, Robert (November 18, 2014). Bruce Dern: A Memoir. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813147130.

    He died the week I was born in 1936.

    and

    And I say, "Yeah, I like it. I'll do it. What else do I need to know?"

    "Nothing," Krofft says. "You show up June sixth."

    "That's two days after my birthday."

  5. ^ Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson Company. 1979. p. 102.

    Dern, Bruce

    June 4, 1936- Actor.

  6. ^ "Bruce Dern Biography (1936-)". www.filmreference.com.
  7. ^ "John Dern, 54, Utility Chief, Attorney, Dies". Archived from the original on January 31, 2013.
  8. ^ "Bruce Dern accepts Career Achievement Award at the Chicago Intern - Time Out Chicago". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
  9. ^ "New Again: Bruce Dern – Page". Interview Magazine. October 2, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  10. ^ "Bruce Dern shows a dangerous streak in 'Big Love'". Los Angeles Times. January 13, 2010.
  11. ^ "Berlinale: 1983 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  12. ^ "Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013". Cannes. May 26, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
  13. ^ "Cannes: Lesbian Drama 'Blue Is the Warmest Color' Wins Palme d'Or". The Wrap. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
  14. ^ "Bruce Dern traces his career progression from "fifth cowboy from the right" to American icon". The A.V. Club. November 21, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  15. ^ "The Movies That Made Me season 4 episode 11: Bruce Dern". Trailers from Hell. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  16. ^ "Bruce Dern on meeting 'fragile' Marilyn Monroe and why he won't retire". New York Post. September 5, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  17. ^ Gordon, Roger L. (2018). Supporting Actors in Motion Pictures. Vol. 2. Dorrance Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 978-1480958418. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  18. ^ "Diane Ladd". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 10, 2020. Diane died at just 18 months after she sustained a head injury from falling into a swimming pool.
  19. ^ "Actor nominated for Oscar married in Carson City". Reno Gazette Journal.
  20. ^ McNary, Dave (February 13, 2019). "Director Reclaims Rights to Documentary '21 Years: Quentin Tarantino' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  21. ^ "The Artist's Wife | Celsius Entertainment | London | Film Sales".
  22. ^ Leydon, Joe (October 31, 2019). ""Badland" review". Variety. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  23. ^ "Horrorant 2019: Daniel Robbins' PLEDGE Takes Home Top Prize". May 18, 2019.
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